Battery basics

B. Krishnakumar

THE BASIC function of a battery is to convert chemical energy into electricity.

The overall battery industry can be classified broadly into two segments -- primary and secondary. Primary batteries are typically non-rechargeable. Both alkaline and zinc-based batteries fit into this category. Secondary batteries can be recharged, and therefore, re-used. Lead acid batteries or storage batteries used in automobiles, telecom equipment and UPS fall in this segment.

Apart from the traditional lead acid batteries, the sophisticated batteries used in the latest electronic gadgets, such as mobile telephones and laptop computers, are also secondary batteries. These gadgets use special batteries powered by nickel-cadmium or lithium-ion.

Globally, Gillette (owner of the Duracell brand), Ralston Purina (Energizer) and Matsushita Electric (Panasonic and National) are leaders in the primary battery segment. Exide and Tudor are popular brands in the secondary segment.

Rechargeable lithium-based batteries are yet to become popular in India. The recent surge in the use of mobile phones and laptops will propel demand for rechargeable batteries.

However, lithium is highly unstable and can be dangerous if not handled carefully. This is why lithium-ion devices are to strict technical procedures, and are thus relatively expensive. As a result, top global players, such as Duracell and Ralston, continue to concentrate on the primary battery segment.

International reports and market studies indicate that globally the average consumer spending on batteries is likely to double in the next decade. Much of the growth is likely to flow from less developed countries. The growth in demand from these economies will outstrip more mature markets in Europe and the US. Given the huge population base and the steady rise in the use of electronic gadgets, the Indian market has huge growth potential. It is only a matter of time before more international battery brands head for India.